CLADOENDESIS OF EPHEMEROPTERA

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Diagnostic plesiomorphiy of Protopatellata. In both sexes, larval, subimaginal and imaginal patella-tibial suture is present on middle and hind legs only. In some representatives the patella-tibial suture is lost on all legs, but is never present on fore legs (Kluge 2012: Fig.5-6) (unlike most larval and female Anteropatellata – see Index of characters [1.2.18] and Index of characters [2.2.]).

Other plesiomorphies of Protopatellata. 

Setae on inner margin of mandibles [see Turbanoculata (6)] are usually present.

Larval abdominal terga usually with scales either in operculate sockets, or in non-operculate sockets [see Turbanoculata (12)] (see Index of characters [1.3.4]).

In subimago of both sexes at least most distal tarsomere of each leg is covered with pointed microlepides. The same in some Anteropatellata  (see Index of characters [2.2.75], [2.2.78.2], [2.2.83]).

Subimaginal gonostyli buds under cuticle of mature larva are curved by the "Afroptilum-Cloeon-type" [see Turbanoculata (13)]: 2^nd (the longest) segment is directed leterally. 3^rd (distalmost) segment can be also directed laterally ("Afroptilum-type") (in sudafricanum [Centroptilum]), or is directed caudally ("Cloeon-type") (see Index of characters [2.3.9]); in Indocloeon folded gonostyli buds look unusually due to modification of its gonostyli [see below, Indocloeon (1)]. Exceptioon is made only by Rhithrocloeon/fg1, whose gonostyli and their buds have peculiar structure [see below, Rhithrocloeon/fg1 (1.2)].

On fore wing in each space only one marginal intercalary can be present [see Liberevenata (2)].